Individual level
- Biological and personal characteristics, such as gender and age
- Gender expression and sexual orientation (LGBTQ community)
- Low level of education – learning
- Low income
- Physical disability or mental health problem (mental retardation)
- Harmful consumption of alcohol and drugs
- Background of exposure to violence
Interpersonal level
- Absence of emotional bonds between children and parents or caregivers
- Inadequate parental care
- Dysfunctional family or divorced parents
- Association with people of the same age who exhibit transgressive or criminal behaviour
- Children who witness domestic violence or violence between their guardians
- Marriages at a young age or compulsory marriages
Area (community) features
- Poverty
- Population density
- Inadequate social cohesion and migratory populations
- Access to alcohol and firearms
- High rates of gang concentration and drug trafficking
Social circumstances
- Traditional social structures that accept the expression of violence as being natural
- Health, financial, educational and welfare policies that advance economic and social inequalities and inequality between the sexes
- Inadequate or absent social protection
- Aftermath of warlike conflicts or natural disasters
- Weak governance and inadequate law and order enforcement
